The 16-weeks competition improved VDR gene expression, body composition, Ca and Mg levels. Conclusion: Players of indoor team sports such as handball would be a population at risk of vitamin D deficiency. Finally, 25(OH)D 2 form was directly associated with P in athletes at 16 weeks of study ( p = 0.034 r = 0.588). VDR gene expression was positively related with body mass and body mass index at follow-up in athletes (all p ≤ 0.038 r ≥ 0.579) and with Ca at baseline in controls ( p = 0.026 r = 0.648). Handball players increased the VDR expression, enhanced body composition, Ca and Mg levels at 16-weeks follow-up (all p < 0.05). Vitamin D showed no evolution during the competitive period and no differences between groups were observed (all p ≥ 0.05). Moreover, a prevalence of insufficient vitamin D status in handball players affected 46% at baseline, reaching 61% after 16 weeks.

Results: A total of 54% of the athletes showed deficient vitamin D status. 25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25(OH)D) levels and its forms (i.e., 25(OH)D 3 and 25(OH)D 2) were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), whereas VDR gene expression was measured by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Ca and Mg were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry and P was determined with the colorimetric method of Fiske-Subbarow. Nutritional intake, body composition, and routinary biochemical parameters were measured via 24-hours recall, bioimpedance and enzyme immunoassay, respectively. An observational follow-up study was conducted in 2 time points over a 16-week period. Methods: A total of 26 male subjects were recruited: 13 professional handball athletes and 13 non-athlete controls.

This study assesses the evolution of vitamin D status and vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene expression and their relationship with body composition, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and phosphorous (P) among professional handball athletes during a competitive period. Introduction: A generalized risk of vitamin D deficiency exists worldwide affecting also professional and elite athletes.

Download spss 25 full version